While the word lacks a universal definition, it implies that power was held by local landowners (usually nobles or clergy) and gave some legal privileges, combined with the duty to serve the monarch. ![]() The dominant political and economic system in medieval Europe is known as feudalism. While the armies turned from nobles to mercenary professionals ideas that the "war should feed itself" developed, resulting in horrific destruction. Gunpowder weapons as part of the new "pike and shot" formations (a carefully determined ratio of pikemen and people equipped with firearms) would crush the old heavy infantry armies and the Swiss Confederacy briefly became an European power as it had perfected this method of warfare. The printing press made books available to common people. The Black Death created a labour shortage, while crop rotation and other technologies improved food production. During this period, the nobles and the church lost power to peasants and townsmen for several reasons. ![]() The Late Middle Ages of the 14th and 15th centuries was marked by crises such as the 1340s Black Death and the Hundred Years War between England and the Kingdom of France. The Mongol Empire reached eastern Europe in the 13th century, opening the Silk Road for European travellers such as Marco Polo.įrankish Empire during the Early Middle Ages The crusades united Catholic kingdoms in wars to conquer the Holy Land and other non-Catholic realms. The High Middle Ages from the 11th to the 13th century was a period of urbanization, with foundation of castles, cathedrals, universities and merchant companies such as the Hanseatic League. European kingdoms were founded in this period by peoples such as the Franks. The Early Middle Ages from the 5th to the 10th century was a time when political and economic power were largely decentralized. Similarly the Renaissance, commonly held to be the transition from medieval to modern times began perhaps as much as a century earlier in Italy than north of the Alps. Some historians also argue that it was the rise of Islam, not the fall of the Roman Empire that caused the biggest shift in the Mediterranean world. The periodization varies between parts of Europe in the Nordic countries the Middle Ages are held to have begun around AD 1000 with the establishment of Christianity and the decline of Viking raids. During this long period of time many empires and societies emerged, flourished and disappeared. The Middle Ages saw the spread of Christianity to every part of Europe, the Islamic Golden Age with the Caliphates expanding to the Iberian and Balkan peninsulas and the subsequent Christian crusades to the Holy Land as well as the Mongolian invasion from the east and the Black Death killing a substantial part of the European population. The Migration Period from the 4th to the 6th century marked the end of the Western Roman Empire (while the east survived as the Byzantine Empire) and the expansion of Germanic tribes across western and southern Europe. Understand The Mediterranean region during the 7th century ![]() The Middle Ages are a period of roughly one thousand years in European history, from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to Early modern Europe, which began with the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery in the 15th century.
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